JOBS AND EMOTIONAL LABOR

Of the twelve standard occupational groups used by the U. S. Census, six contain the majority of jobs that call for emo­tional labor, as defined in Chapter Seven. These six groups, summarized in Table 1, are as follows: professional and technical workers, managers and administrators, sales work­ers, clerical workers, and service workers of two types — those who work inside and those who work outside of pri­vate households. In one way or another, probably most sales workers, managers, and administrators are called upon to do some emotion work. But among those in the professions, service work, and clerical work, only selected jobs seem to involve substantial amounts of emotional labor (see Tables 2, 3, and 4). Within these categories are some of the most rap­idly growing occupations. According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there will be a 30 percent growth in the 1980s for social workers, 25 percent for preschool teachers, 45 percent for health administrators, 33 percent for sales managers, 79 percent for flight attendants, and 35 percent for food-counter workers. The largest number of new jobs are expected in the retailing sector, especially in department stores and restaurants (New York Times, October 14, 1979, p. 8). Given the roughness of occupational categories, the fit of emotion work criteria to occupation and to labor produced is necessarily loose. The tables presented here are no more than a sketch, a suggestion of a pattern that deserves to be examined more closely.

Table 1 shows the number of jobs in all six occupational categories in 1970. It also shows the number of men and women in these categories. Over all, women are overrepre­sented in jobs calling for emotional labor; about half of all working women hold such jobs. Men are underrepresented; about a quarter of all working men are in emotional labor jobs. This is true for professional and technical occupations, for clerical occupations, and for service-sector jobs as well.

Table 2 examines fifteen occupations that involve sub­stantial amounts of emotional labor, selected from the twenty-seven different occupations grouped as Professional, Technical, or Kindred by the U. S. Census. It computes the proportion of all professional and technical jobs that in­volved substantial amounts of emotional labor in 1970, and shows variations by sex. Tables 3 and 4, respectively, per­form the same kind of analysis for clerical workers and for service workers outside of private households.

TABLE l. Summary Estimate of Jobs Most Calling for Emotional Labor, 1970

Occupation	Female	Male	Total
Professional, technical and kindred3	3,438,144	2,666,188	6,104,332
Managers and administratorsb	1,013,843	5,125,534	6,139,377
Sales workersb	1,999,794	3,267,653	5,267,447
Clerical and kindredc	4,988,448	863,204	5,851,652
Service workers excluding private householdd	3,598,190	1,367,280	4,965,470
Private household workersb	1,053,092	39,685	1,092,777
Total number of jobs calling for emotional labor	16,091,511	13,329,544	29,421,055
Total size of employed labor force over 14 years of age	29,170,127	48,138,665	77,308,792
Jobs involving	55.2%	27.7%	38.1%

substantial emotional labor as a percentage of all jobs

aSelected occupations; see Table 2. bAII jobs.

cSeIected occupations; see Table 3. ^Selected occupations; see Table 4.

NOTE: Tables 1 to 4 enumerate the number of employed persons, 14 years or older, by occupation, from the 1970 U. S. Census.

source: U. S. Bureau of the Census, i, “Census of the Population: 1970,” Vol. 1, Characteristics of the Population, Part l, United States Summary Section I, Table 221. Detailed Occupation of the Experienced Civilian Labor Force and Employed Persons by Sex (Washington D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1973), pp. 718-724. ‘

TABLE 2. Detailed Occupational Analysis of Selected Professional, Technical, and Kindred Workers, 1970 Occupation Female Male Total Lawyers and judges 13,196 259,264 272,460 Librarians 100,160 22,047 122,207 Personnel and 89,379 201,498 290,877 labor relations Registered nurses 807,825 22,444 830,269 Therapists 47,603 27,631 75,234 Dental hygenists 14,863 942 15,805 Therapy assistants 2,122 1,093 3,215 Clergymen and 26,125 227,870 253,995 religious workers Social and 156,500 110,447 266,947 recreation workers College and 138,136 348,265 486,401 university teachers Teachers, except college 1,929,064 817,002 2,746,066 and universities Vocational and 46,592 60,191 106,783 educational counselors Public relations and 19,391 54,394 73,785 publicity writers Radio and television 1,466 19,885 21,351 announcers Physicians, dentists, and 45,722 493,215 538,937 related personnel Total number of 3,438,144 2,666,188 6,104,332 persons employed in selected professional, technical, and kindred occupations (18 jobs)

TABLE 2. Continued Occupation Female Male Total Total number of persons employed in all professional, technical, and kindred occupations (34 jobs) 4,314,083 6,516,610 10,830,693 Percentage of all professional, technical and kindred jobs involving substantial amounts of emotional labor 79.7 40.9 56.4

TABLE 3. Detailed Occupational Analysis of Selected Clerical and Kindred Workers, 1970 Occupation Female Male Total Bank tellers 215,037 34,439 249,476 Cashiers 695,142 136,954 832,096 Clerical supervisors 48,389 64,391 112,780 Bill collectors 18,537 32,947 51,484 Counter clerks, 152,667 76,584 229,251 excluding food Enumerators and 50,121 14,504 64,625 interviewers Insurance adjustors 25,587 70,407 95,994 and examiners Library attendants 99,190 26,783 125,973 Postal clerks 91,801 210,418 302,219 Receptionists 288,326 16,046 304,372 Secretaries 2,640,740 64,608 2,705,348 Stenographers 120,026 8,097 128,123 Teachers aides 118,347 13,156 131,503 Telegraph operators 3,553 8,725 12,278 Telephone operators 385,331 22,696 408,027 Ticket agents 35,654 62,449 98,103 Total number of 4,988,448 863,204 5,851,652 persons employed in selected clerical and kindred occupations Total number of 9,582,440 3,452,251 13,034,691 persons employed in all clerical and kindred occupations Percentage of all clerical 52.1 25.0 44.9 and kindred jobs involving substantial amounts of emotional labor

TABLE 4. Detailed Occupational Analysis of Selected Service Workers, Except Private Household, 1970 Occupation Female Male Total Bartenders 39,432 149,506 188,938 Food counter and 118,981 39,405 158,386 fountain workers Waiters 927,251 116,838 1,044,089 Health service workers3 1,044,944 139,760 1,184,704 Personal service 776,222 393,273 1,169,495 workers15 Child care workers 126,667 9,684 136,531 Elevator operators 9,606 25,703 35,309 Hairdressers and 425,605 46,825 472,430 cosmetologists Housekeepers 74,461 29,107 103,568 (excluding private household) School monitors 23,538 2,576 26,114 Ushers, recreation and 4,328 10,724 15,052 amusement Welfare service aides 11,764 3,634 15,398 Protective service 15,391 400,245 415,636 workers c Total number of 3,598,190 1,367,280 4,965,470 persons employed in selected service worker occupations, except private household

Occupation	Female	Male	Total
Total number of persons employed in all service worker occupations except private household	4,424,030	3,640,487	8,064,517
Percentage of all service sector occupations, except private household, involving substantial amounts of emotional labor	81.3	37.6	61.6
^Includes dental assistants; health aides, except nursing; health trainees; lay mid­wives; nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants; practical nurses. ^Includes airline stewardesses, recreation and amusement attendants, personal service attendants not elsewhere classified, baggage porters and bellhops, barbers, boarding and lodging housekeepers, bootblacks. includes marshals and constables, policemen and detectives, sheriffs and bailiffs.

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